"The Religion & Society Report"    Online Edition    [SwanSearch]
     

Volume 21  Number 11

 

November 2004

 

  

THE END OF RELIGION, THE END OF SOCIETY

Can the United States Supreme Court, or any court, abolish God?  Can the U.S. Supreme Court, or any court, change nature?  The answer is surely No. No, not in the one case and not in the other.  But religion?  But society?  That seems to be within the power of the courts, from the lowest federal courts to the Supreme Court itself, and they are in the process of doing it:  abolishing prayer in schools, abolishing Bible reading, abolishing prayer in every public institution, establishing what Richard John Neuhaus called “the naked public square” in his book of that name.  The Ten Commandments can be pulled down from every schoolroom wall.  In Alabama, the great stone table bearing them, together with the Declaration of Independence and other crucial doctrines of our history and culture, was dragged by a construction crew from the building housing the Alabama Supreme Court.  Judge Roy Moore, who had dared to place them there in the first place and then refused to submit to a federal court order in the second, was summarily cast down from his elected position, the other state justices joining in the federal condemnation in meek submission to its greater will.  Did all of the courageous sons of Alabama perish in the War Between the States?  Presumably not, but if not, then why was courage expressed only by the unfortunate Chief Justice?

At the removal of the Commandments and the destitution of Judge Moore, a shudder ran through the more conservative churches, but passed.  Life goes on as before, untroubled by the presence or absence of the Commandments, those stern reminders of the Judge of all the world to whom all must ultimately answer.  The pious believers comforted themselves with walks in the garden alone, Jesus being excluded, and the impious did not care.  Prayer commandments, those formal reminders of religious faith and ritual expressions of reverence for God are gone, declared intolerant, sectarian, offensive, incorrect, and as the coup de grace, unconstitutional, in a nation that once rejoiced at the extent to which the now excluded Deity has blessed it.

Would Americans in their great majority want religion to be excluded from every aspect of life in which government has a hand, in other words from every public aspect and many private ones?  Surely not.  The great majority professes faith in God, a large majority faith in Christ, and few are those who would deny the custom of giving thanks to God.  There is no need to ask the people, for the Courts have spoken, and their will must prevail.  We are not confronted with the end of God, for God is immortal and eternal, but with the end of religion, for religion is human and can be suppressed.  Ours is the nicer way to suppress religion:  not with Roman persecution, or the forced closings of churches and arrests of ministers and priests, as was the practice in the U.S.S.R. and other Communist countries.  That harsh policy did not work, for the persecuted religion transformed the pagan Roman Empire and in modern days survived Soviet persecution to greet the dawn of liberty after the collapse of the Communist colossus.

The policy of supercilious, disdainful confinement of religion to the very private sphere is succeeding in putting away religion in the United States where the gulag did not succeed in the Soviet Union.  Were the Russian Christians and others in the U.S.S.R. stronger, more stubborn, and more courageous than are we Americans?  Surely they were less distracted, round-the-clock entertainment and amusement not yet having flooded their vast land.  Can it be the case that we cannot see what is being done to us, or what we are doing to ourselves?

In the United States the soft suppression of religion is succeeding, especially when propounded with an air of omniscience by our judges.  Of course individual believers can still pray and sing hymns and spiritual songs, always provided that they do not do it on public property or even in public view, so as not to offend those unbelievers or others who, although few in number, are quick to cry that they have been offended when people express reverence for the God whom they prefer to deny.  The President and others of unchallengeable might and position may still pray, and often do so, but even they must be cautious about praying in any Name that anyone might find or pretend to find offensive.

If religion is being pushed from sight in a country that still writes “In God we trust” on its currency and sings “God Bless America” in moments of stress, it does not harm God, but it harms us.  It may well anger him or provoke him to withdraw the divine favor and protection that we have enjoyed in the past and for which we used to give seriously meant thanks.  If there were no God, as only a tiny minority of Americans assert, then to ignore him or even to mock him could do no harm, except perhaps for the weak-minded who need him as a prop against which to lean.  But if in fact God is there, as the vast majority of us profess to believe, it can hardly be a matter of indifference or totally without consequences to ignore him and slight those who honor him.

The end of religion is before us.  Perhaps there is still time to turn back, to recover what was meant by the words “In God we trust” and “One nation under God.”  If not, then we are at the end of religion, and with it at the end of society.

The End of Society

Must the end of religion as we know it spell the end of society as we know it?  Perhaps it must not, but evidently it is doing it.  Human beings are social beings, but society is not a product of nature.  It is the work of humans.  Man is, as Aristotle said, a zoon politikon, a political being, and can hardly exist much longer without society than he can exist without food and water in the desert.  It is impossible to do away with society with one blow, because human beings need a structure and a minimum of order.  Where there is no order, there is only the war of all against all, the bellum omnium contra omnes.  Society, like religion, can be destroyed by degrees, or rather decomposed, and that is precisely what happens to society when religion is suppressed, however softly and quietly it may be done.  Jean-Jacques Rousseau wrote that liberty means the abolition of all particular dependencies, such as the family.  What he did not say is that without such alliances, his vision of the Social Contract is absurd, and society degenerates into the bellum omnium contra omnes.

That is what is happening in the United States.  We have not yet come to generalized warfare, but society is decomposing.  We fear the attacks of terrorists, and rightly so.  But even more dangerous than what terrorists can do to us in the short run is what we are doing to ourselves in the long run.  This decomposition has not yet progressed so far that it cannot be reversed, but if it is not reversed and our society continues to deteriorate, what remains of will crumble before the assaults of barbarians from within or without, or from both at once.

Society, social organization, is natural to man. Man himself belongs to nature, but society is not a product of nature.  It is produced by man.  Society involves a structuring of human relationships.  It is developed out of an antecedent vision of structure, of a world-view, conscious or unconscious. Generations of human beings have seen an order in nature.  Eric Voegelin speaks of “the Order of Being;” the Chinese thinker Lao-Tse (ca.  550 B.C.) referred to it as the Tao.  As we contemplate the order of the stars in the courses and observe the orderly course of nature on earth, we are led, or should be led, to order our own doings to achieve a harmonious life.  Today, at least in the Western world in what used to be called Christendom or Western civilization, we have lost sight of the order.[1] The concept of the Tao must be explained;  most do not sense it. In the United States today, the concept that there is an order to nature and that we are to respect it has been effectively weakened if not altogether abolished.  Is it natural to kill one’s own offspring?  We have had more than forty million abortions since 1973. Is it natural for males to mate with males, for females to join with females?  Why then are we beginning to propose, and in Massachusetts to implement, something called homosexual marriage, although it is not marriage.  The simple fact that many in our society might answer, “yes,” or perhaps, “well, not exactly, but it is still all right,” indicates the degree to which the concept of an Order of Being is in the process of being lost.  Much of this loss has been stimulated by the same agency that has blanked out religion from the public square, the courts, especially the federal judiciary.

The Beginning

Absolutely crucial to the biblical understanding of nature and of man are the concepts first, of creation and, second, of man’s special place and purpose in it, of what Pitirim Sorokin called his unique creative mission on earth.  If we do not know that we have been created with a purpose, then how are we to gain a purpose?  Have we not become what Jean-Paul Sartre called us, “a vain passion,” une passion inutile?  If we do not know what or who we are, we cannot know how to act or how or why to construct a society.

Human beings have long had confidence in their special place in creation, in the Order of Being, but that has been worn down and virtually destroyed by the widespread acceptance of the doctrine of evolution in its extreme materialistic form, the form that denies all intelligent design in the origin of living beings.  It is not logically necessary to insist that evolution excludes God, but this is the way that it affects our contemporary view of the world and of our place in it.  If God is prior to the world and independent of it, as all monotheistic religion teaches, then the fact that we do not discern evidence of his handiwork in the origins of life cannot mean that there is no God.  Sadly, although this is not a necessary implication of change through evolution, it is the way it is generally communicated and widely understood.

The doctrine of evolution could envisage a creative process imagined and set in motion by the Creator.  In such a view, the concept that higher beings have evolved from lower ones through long periods of time preserves the concept of intelligent design with divine purpose and does not destroy the principle that there is an Order of Nature.  Although this is a far cry from the biblical doctrine of God’s direct personal operation in Creation, it permits one to preserve the idea that the human race was made for a purpose and indeed does have a creative mission here.

From the perspective of biblical doctrine with its clear and direct emphasis on God’s specific role in the special creation of our human race, this concept of “creative evolution” is less than satisfying.  According to the biblical doctrine of the Fall of Man, the whole earth, indeed in a way the whole created order, was blighted by the Fall.  This helps one to understand the disordered nature of the world that we maintain a good and wise God created.  In spite of the Fall, neither nature as a whole nor humans taken alone have been plunged into total disorder.  A harmony in nature and a human value in being in that harmony are still discernible. They have been discerned with surprising regularity all over the world from ancient times until our own.  Nevertheless, in terms of leaving us with a sense of purpose and dignity, creative evolution is far superior to the totally naturalistic alternative.

Chance and Necessity

At the opposite pole from intelligent design and purpose is the concept of totally naturalistic creation, the product of what the late Nobel Prize winner Jacques Monod called “chance and necessity” in his book of that name.  For him,  chance and necessity are without plan or purpose, for there is no divine being who could have planned or had a purpose.  Although the idea is much older, from the middle of the 19th century the concept of development through change was formalized, absolutized, and given a plausible mechanism by which it could have functioned, Charles Darwin’s natural selection.  Operating on the principle that there is no God, evolution was soon defined and proclaimed as a totally naturalistic phenomenon, limited to the material universe, neither requiring nor displaying any role by a Creator, and not containing any inherent purpose other than survival.

Although evolution as a process could be  interpreted as God’s way of working, a great company of the biologists who believe in evolution today believe also that by it, God is excluded from any role.  It might seem not only possible, but also even mandatory to look into the possibility that our complex forms of biological life reveal intelligent purpose and design.  A person who finds a watch in a pile of leaves in the forest would not speculate, but would know that it did not come about by natural processes, but had been fashioned after the creative design of a watchmaker.  He would naturally ask himself who had left it there, whether it was lost or thrown away, and similar questions, but not whether it had evolved from simpler mechanisms.  This is a very old argument used against the advocates of mechanistic evolution.  Of course it is brushed aside by them.  In order to do so, those advocates of evolution who wish to assert that no intelligent design was needed have to postulate some kind of a substitute, such as the idea that there is a kind of innate upward mobility in all life forms, for example an élan vital as Henri Bergson conceived it.

Postulating some kind of impersonal life force in living matter does not eliminate the idea of a Creator or intelligent design.  It merely puts it back farther into time or farther out into space.  Where or from whom did the impersonal élan vital come?  There is a concept called xenospermia, the theory that life on earth may have been seeded by beings from outer space, or somehow have drifted across space from other worlds, but this merely moves the question of purpose and intelligence farther out of reach;  it does not answer it.

Totally naturalistic, materialistic evolution with no divine creator or intelligent designer is itself a kind of “religious” commitment.  As Karl Popper said, evolution is not a scientific theory, for it was not observed nor can it be repeated;  it is “a metaphysical research project.”  Believing it to be the explanation of all living things, its advocates intensively search for ways to support the theory.  This is certainly legitimate, provided that they do not presuppose in advance the truth of what they are trying to prove.  Unfortunately, that is precisely what many do.  What is illegitimate is the determination of so many, such as the late Harvard biologist Stephen Jay Gould, to shout down any and every attempt to question the scientific validity of the theory or to propose any alternative to “chance and necessity.”

The contention that intelligent design is a fact and that it points to a doctrine of creation by an infinitely wise and omnipotent Creator, in other words, to picture like that in the Bible, is at least as plausible on the face of it, or really more plausible, than to assert that all that is, is the product of necessity and chance acting on dead matter in ways that were not observed and cannot be duplicated.  Unfortunately, this contention is never allowed by the militant naturalistic evolutionists.  They regularly condemn it on the basis that it is the attempt to smuggle the reactionary concept of divine Creation by God back into the sacred halls of natural science and, if taught in government schools, to violate the separation of church and state.  In other words, whether it is so willed or not, the campaign for the teaching of naturalistic evolution to the exclusion of any other view is an attack on religion and ultimately, by implication, an attack on ordered society.

The Triumph of Mind Over Matter

Theists can argue for the plausibility of intelligent design as necessary to explain the world of living things, but in the world of academia, including law, their arguments go unheard and unheeded.  It ought to be self-evident to all who are capable of thinking clearly that to maintain that there is no God is to claim to be in full knowledge of all that is.  The late Carl Sagan, a determined advocate of naturalistic evolution and an opponent of  belief in God, began his best-selling book Cosmos thus:  “The cosmos is all that is, all that ever was, and all that ever will be.”  That is no less religious a statement than the words of the Apostles’ Creed, “I believe in God the Father almighty, Creator of heaven and earth.” But this truth is politically incorrect and publicly inadmissible.  Public schools throughout the United States are allowed to assign Cosmos to be read and discussed in class, but dare not so much as mention the theory of creation by God.  This is in effect a strange kind of triumph of mind over matter.  The followers and colleagues of Prof. Sagan assert the right of their mind, their “metaphysical research program,” to banish every suspicion that the fascinatingly complex structure of every living being might show that there was an intelligent design — or designer — behind it.  In other words, the mind of the evolutionists forbids them to look at matter in its irreducible complexity.  From developments in genetics, as the late Prof. Jerôme Lejeune said, we now know that no being comes into existence without antecedent design implanted in its cells, without antecedent information.  Prof. Lejeune pointed to the well-known beginning of John’s Gospel: “In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God ... All things were made by him, and without him was nothing made that was made” (1:1,3).  Whatever else the Word is, it is certainly information, and without information, we now know, no living being comes into existence.  This may not mean the divine Word as Christians understand it, but it means something more than the materialistic evolutionists will allow. The exclusion of John’s theological assertions and the introduction of Sagan’s metaphysical research program is the exaltation of mind over matter, an implicit systematic denial of the Order of Being and the explicit end of an idea of Nature along with the idea of Nature’s God.

The denial of God and the denial of nature as an order that human minds must observe and respect go together.  This denial is the reason that the majority of justices, like many in Congress — for example Senator Joseph Biden in the hearings on the Supreme Court nomination of Clarence Thomas — objected to that judge’s praise for natural law.  If there is such a thing as natural law, then even that most eminent of legislatures, the United States Congress, cannot make law, but must look for the principles by which laws should be written, in natural law, the Tao, the Laws of Nature and of Nature’s God.

The End of Society

The rejection of Nature as a reality to which we must look is implicit in the packet of anti-religious court decisions.  It is explicit in the decisions in which the order of nature is rejected.  The ultimate consequence of that rejection will be, or is already becoming, the end of human society compatible with nature.  The illusion that man, or rather the court, is sovereign and can make whatever law it pleases is ultimately destructive of society, as well as of nature and her laws.  This is nowhere more evident than in two monumental decisions and their consequences: Roe v. Wade (1973) and its successor decisions, and Lawrence v. Texas (2003) and its coming successors, the first of which, Goodridge, was handed down by the Supreme Judicial Council of Massachusetts early in 2004.  Each of these decisions rests on an unspoken assumption that we might call sovereign individualism.  Each individual — each woman, in the case of Roe, each man in Lawrence — is a law unto herself or himself.  Carried to its logical conclusion, that spells the end of society as we know it.

Roe v. Wade and its aftermath essentially denied what until Roe had been taken as a self-evident fact of nature, namely, that the developing child in the woman’s womb is a human being.  Had the Supreme Court acknowledged this fact, it would have had to agree with the German Federal Constitutional Court decision of 1975, to the effect that abortion is a homicidal act:  every  abortion kills a developing human being.  Acknowledging this fact, the Court could still have permitted abortion under some circumstances, perhaps saying, as the German court did, that under some circumstances it must be left unpunished, but it could not have called it a right to be exercised at will.

Our own Court, unwilling to admit that it was accepting any form of homicide merely on request as it actually was, insisted that it could not say when human life begins.  Then, on this counterintuitive foundation, it went on to say that therefore, abortion may be permitted throughout the entire pregnancy, for the first three months without limitation, for the second three months with only such limitations as protect the life and health of the mother, and during the final three months whenever it can be argued that the life and health of the mother, including her mental health, may be endangered — in other words, always.  It has reaffirmed this stand in successor decisions, such as Carhart, overturning a Nebraska law prohibiting late term, “partial birth” abortions.  In 2004, Congress again passed, and the new President signed into law, a federal ban on such abortions.  Almost immediately federal judges in three different circuits ruled the new law unconstitutional, notwithstanding the fact that they acknowledge it to be gruesome and painful to the aborted baby.  According to the Spanish proverb, the sleep of reason produces monsters.  We cannot be sure that the judges were sleeping — they would deny it — but they surely produced monsters.  If we do not know what constitutes human beings, how can we claim to have a society in any sense?

In 1976, on the 200th anniversary of the U.S. Declaration of Independence, the Supreme Court handed down a decision in Planned Parenthood v. Danforth.  The State of Missouri had required the consent of a husband or of parents, in the case of a pregnant minor child, for an abortion.  The Court overruled the law, using among other arguments the logic that “The Court cannot attribute to a third party [i.e. the husband or the parents] a right that it [itself] does not possess.”  The Court thus attributed to itself not the right to protect a man’s unborn child — we do not know why it should have had it — but the right to tell the man that he is not permitted to protect the life of his own developing child, of the “fruit of his loins,” to use biblical language.  It implicitly denied one of the fundamental covenants of human reality, marriage, and attributed to one party, the wife, all of the privileges, while leaving the other, the husband, only the responsibilities connected with reproduction.  The woman’s unrestricted right to abort any child makes a mockery of the institution of marriage for the man.  If a man abandons his pregnant wife or lover before she delivers her baby, that is a crime.  If a pregnant woman not merely abandons her unborn baby, but has it destroyed, that is her right.  Can we not see the incompatibility of the two positions?

Why Do We Have Marriage at All?

Marriage is not necessary for the production of children (and in the aftermath of Roe and other such atrocities, more and more children are born outside it today), but there is a natural law or common sense reason why human beings should not merely copulate and procreate, but should marry and bring up children in stable homes.  Marriage ideally should protect the woman from exploitation and abandonment;  it also protects the man from the fear that her children are not his.  A woman who has had a child always knows that it is hers, but the only way that a man can know that the child a woman has borne in his house is his is when he can be sure of her fidelity to him and of her sexual congress with him only.

In the past the institution of marriage as practiced in Western civilization has made both parties responsible for the welfare of their children, which is quite consistent with the order of nature, as well as with most human history. Danforth has told men that they will indeed still be responsible for the child after it is born, but that they have no say in whether it will be born;  that depends on the will of the would-have-been mother.  Rapid succession of marriages and divorces and increasing pre- and extra-marital sexual relations, including adultery, have already jeopardized confidence in family stability. Danforth and similar decisions have reduced even the most faithful and devoted husband to a “third party.”  The woman is the first party, and apparently the State regards itself as the second.  In years gone by it was the adulterous lover who turned marriage into a “triangle.”  Now it is the faithful husband himself if he seeks to interfere in the relationship between his willful spouse and the liberties that the State grants her.

No Marriage, No Family, No Society

Nature itself makes quite plain that for ordinary purposes, the conjoined activity of a male and a female is necessary for the production of offspring.  This means that male-female interaction is necessary for the propagation and survival of every species. We may say that such interaction is part of natural law.  The need for male-female interaction does not prescribe lifelong marriage or monogamy, and the animal world does not present us with uniform practices.  Man is not the only being who mates for life, or at least does so often;  among the other creatures, some do mate for life, but most probably do not.  Nevertheless, it is quite common for the more highly developed animals to remain associated long enough for their young to develop. Domestic animals do not mate for life;  often they do not actually mate at all, but simply breed.  Their offspring belong to their owners, who will see to it that they receive whatever care is needed, over and above what the animal naturally gives, and then sell, butcher, or otherwise utilize them as they see fit.  Thus we may say that domestic animals have become alienated from what might have been the order of nature.

Human reproduction requires male-female interaction.[2]  The human baby requires more constant and longer attention and nurture than the young of any other earthly species.  Babies take years to be able to care for themselves; children need years of teaching and guidance before reaching maturity, and by a strange anomaly of modern American life, adolescence is now prolonged longer and longer as the educational process is extended, sometimes indefinitely.  Educational and emotional maturity often comes long after puberty brings sexual maturity.  Therefore it is according to natural law for parents to remain together, caring for themselves and their offspring, for an extended period and giving attention to their sexual development.  Civil and religious laws often extend this period “until death do us part.”

The End of Marriage

Abortion on demand and the increasingly quick and easy divorce laws that followed soon after it in the U.S.A. have seriously weakened the institution of marriage and sapped its strength to contribute to the stability of society. Throughout most of the centuries of human existence and in most human cultures, sexual expression was in principle reserved for marriage.  Anticipations and variations on marriage were seen everywhere, in some cases winked at, in others grudgingly tolerated, in some drastically punished. The proliferation of easy and often reliable methods of contraception has made pre- and extra-marital intercourse less dangerous and more acceptable today.  The widespread acceptance of pre-marital concubinage — “shacking up” — has taken some of the amorous luster from marriage, while allowing it to retain all of its burdensome aspects, such as bill-paying.  Nevertheless, lasting monogamous marriage has remained the ideal and is still there in practice, as well as in principle, although subject to debilitating threats.

Marriage traditionally involves covenant promises and sexual relations.  Without both it is not marriage, or not fully consummated. Sexuality was between men and women, and for marriage.  Divorce and concubinage have weakened the covenant aspects of marriage, but until recent decades it has always been taken for granted that marriage was the normal pattern for mature humans, not some kind of same-sex liaison.  Other forms of genital expression have been present throughout human history, but the thought of calling them homosexuality as another kind of “sexuality” parallel to heterosexuality is of 19th-century origin.  Prior to that, it was customary to think of people as having participated in homosexual actions — it is hard to avoid this word, as “perverted” or “unnatural” is dreadfully incorrect — but not as being homosexual.  A man who had engaged in erotic involvement with another man or boy was expected to grow out of it.  When pre-Christian Greek society encouraged or at least tolerated homosexual romances between men, it was only for a brief period in a boy’s development and was supposed to not involve passionate excesses, especially not the anal sexual penetration that seems typical of homosexuality today and which constitutes one of the factors that has contributed to the spread of AIDS.[3]

Some societies, such as ancient Hebrew society, threatened such homosexual acts with death (Leviticus 20:13).  Nothing could be more self-evident than that homosexual intercourse is contra naturam, contrary to nature:  to put it coarsely but accurately, the insertion of the male organ of generation into the organ of defecation.  We now know that the favored practices of today’s homosexual communities are even worse vectors of disease than heterosexual promiscuity.  The dreadful plague known as AIDS was originally named GRID, Gay Related Immune Deficiency, since it was first identified in male homosexuals, who still constitute its most effective transmitters.  Promiscuity promotes disease, which is certainly an unnatural goal if recognized, and homosexual promiscuity does so even more, which is doubly contra naturam.  Millionfold abortions are the price that society must pay for heterosexual promiscuity, and widespread AIDS is the price that it must pay for homosexual promiscuity.

In its 2003 decision in Lawrence, the Supreme Court radically separated sex from nature, endorsing what Texas called sodomy and what the Bible calls abomination as a constitutionally protected right.  Thus the Court in its imperial arrogance drove the God of Scripture from our temple and placed the gods of biblical Sodom in his place. 

Pecunia Non Olet

Pecunia non olet, money doesn’t stink, the Roman Emperor Vespasian told his son when the latter objected to the Emperor’s taking money for the use of the public latrines.  It seems that for some segments of the American business community, profit explains and excuses everything.  Thus we read in The Wall Street Journal, “In addition to principle and morality, there are sound business reasons why the members of the House of Representatives were right to vote down the proposed Federal Marriage Amendment... [227 in favor, 186 against, less than the necessary two-thirds majority].  It’s good to see that members of the House and the Senate, which rejected the amendment in July, are gradually catching up with corporate America....”  Corporate America, it seems, will accept anything that makes money, and the nation’s leading economics journal will approve it as a matter of principle.  Many years ago Wilhelm Roepke, a leading free-market economist wrote that the market does not create values, but consumes them, and “it must be constantly re-impregnated against rot.”  If the Journal is the authoritative voice of the business community on principle and morality, then not only our judges but also our corporations are actively demolishing society, religion having already been largely done away with.

We shall soon find ourselves in the land of absolute individualism, of solipsism, of the bellum omnium contra omnes.  In the United States today, we have the choice between a constant re-impregnation against rot, using the values that come from our religion and the Order of Being, or letting the nation continue to slide into the “social sewer” (Sorokin), dragging what remains of religion and social order in with it.  Those who know the truth, who have an awareness of and reverence for both Nature and Nature’s God, must step in with words and deed before both religion and society reach their end in our once pious and wholesome nation.

IN ADDITION TO WHICH  

• Speech is a characteristic feature of humans, but no human can learn to talk all alone.  Language cannot exist without a certain consensus among a group, however small, on the meaning and use of words.  Indeed the word consenus itself implies a common sense, that is, a shared understanding, a shared meaning.  The consensus or common sense necessary to produce understandable, communicable language always exists with a certain common sense on the right way to live, which means that meaningful speech and society go together.  Bees, ants, chimpanzees, and baboons can have a kind of society without what we would consider speech, but we humans cannot.  The implication:  we must take care of our languages.  If we lose our common language, then there is no room for a common sense of good and evil, of beautiful and ugly, and eventually, nothing worth calling culture or civilization.

• As the election campaign progressed, one candidate accused the other of lying, a charge that in days gone by might bring on a challenge to a duel with swords or pistols, but not today.  Our charge against the candidates is not lying, but of failing to tell us a very essential truth.  The Democrats favor abortion, up to and including late term abortions.  This means that they agree in principle with the elimination of 42 million unborn Americans in the past 31 years.  The Republicans oppose abortion, but they do not speak out, and they certainly will not say that.  If those 42 million babies had been born, many things would look different in the U.S. economic picture, not least the fact that there would be enough workers in and entering the work force to solve much of the looming problems in Social Security funding.  Why won’t the Republicans say it?  Are they half-hearted, or perhaps half-witted, or just timid?

Endnotes:

1  According to the biblical view, God himself created man in his own “image and likeness.”  “Male and female created he them,” and gave them the command to be fruitful and multiply, to subdue the earth (Genesis 1:26ff).  In  the next chapter God placed the man in the garden to cultivate it.  In this second chapter, it is interesting to note that for the first time God is called by his sacred covenant name, YHWH, while in chapter one God is called Elohim, God in the general sense of the creator of all.  According to many biblical scholars, these two different names indicate a blending of two different ancient sources.  This is not a necessary conclusion, for we may note that the word Elohim is used when God is dealing with creation in general, YHWH when he takes a personal interest in the human creatures that he has made in his own image.  When speaking of God in tempting Eve, the serpent cannot use the sacred Name YHWH, but says simply Elohim, God.

2 We are not taking into account in vitro fertilization and other forms of artificial reproductive technology, but even those, except for cloning, require contributions from both sexes.

3 See Marjorie Rosenberg, “The Greeks Had No Word for It” in Partisan Review, Spring 1993, Vol.  60, No.  2, pp.248-258.

Notes on Sources:

For “The End of Religion, The End of Society,” see in addition to M. Rosenberg’s essay cited in the text, The Wall Street Journal, October 5, p. B2

 

 

 

 

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